13. Intangible assets and Goodwill

Group Initial goodwill Goodwill impairment Total goodwill Licences Patents Research and development costs Trade-marks Customer relation-ships Other intangible assets Total
(all amounts in Euro thousands) Year ended 31 December 2012
Opening balance 431.005 -21.620 409.385 27.020 437 5.836 32.994 65.936 4.503 546.111
Additions - - - 339 - 680 - - 13.214 14.233
Subsidiaries acquired (note 30) 108 - 108 - - - - - 42 150
Acquisition of business - - - - - - - 2.364 2.364
Reclassification of assets to other categories - - - -15 - -139 - 154 -
Impairment (note 29) - -1.973 -1.973 -3.143 - - - - -1.844 -6.960
Surrender of emission rights - - - - - - - - -8.025 -8.025
Amortization charge (note 29) - - - -822 -434 -1.081 -1.903 -14.352 -1.630 -20.222
Exchange differences 4.981 - 4.981 -510 -3 -100 -1.447 -2.624 -450 -153
Ending balance 436.094 -23.593 412.501 22.869 - 5.335 29.505 48.960 8.328 527.498
Year ended 31 December 2013
Opening balance 436.094 -23.593 412.501 22.869 - 5.335 29.505 48.960 8.328 527.498
Additions - - - 35 - 470 - - 1.163 1.668
Disposals (NBV) (note 29) - - - - - - - - -77 -77
Impairment (note 29) - -800 -800 - - - - - -42 -842
Amortization charge (note 29) - - - -483 - -1.083 -1.669 -11.917 -2.407 -17.559
Exchange differences -36.804 - -36.804 -1.040 - -190 -2.371 -3.852 -435 -44.692
Ending balance 399.290 -24.393 374.897 21.381 - 4.532 25.465 33.191 6.530 465.996

Group Initial goodwill Goodwill impairment Total goodwill Licences Patents Research and development costs Trade-marks Customer relation-ships Other intangible assets Total
Year ended 31 December 2012
Opening balance - - - - - - 81 - 1.031 1.112
Additions - - - - - - - - 8.143 8.143
Amortization charge (note 29) - - - - - - - - -308 -308
Impairment (note 29) - - - - - - - - -1.358 -1.358
Surrender of emission rights - - - - - - - - -6.426 -6.426
Provision of costs of the emission rights surrender - - - - - - - - -64 -64
Ending balance - - - - - - 81 - 1.018 1.099
Year ended 31 December 2013
Opening balance - - - - - - 81 - 1.018 1.099
Additions - - - - - - - - 551 551
Amortization charge (note 29) - - - - - - - - -423 -423
Impairment (note 29) - - - - - - - - -42 -42
Surrender of emission rights - - - - - - - - - -
Provision of costs of the emission rights surrender - - - - - - - - - -
Ending balance - - - - - - 81 - 1.104 1.185

In 2013, the Group recorded an impairment of goodwill amounting to €0.8 mil. in the income statement. The impairment was recorded as certain assumptions that had been used for the goodwill impairment test of a Group subsidiary operating in Greece were not verified.

In 2012, the total amount of the impairment of the intangible assets, excluding goodwill, stood at €5.0 mil., of which €3.1 mil. relates to the impairment of mining rights in Greece and the remaining €1.9 mil. relates to the impairment arising from the re-measurement in fair value of the Carbon Emissions Rights (CER) that the Group possessed as at 31.12.2012.

In the second semester of 2012, the US based Group subsidiary Separation Technologies LLC acquired the equipment and rights of fly ash processing at a thermal power plant in Florida. Based on the agreement, Separation Technologies LLC undertook the liability of the plant's site restoration. The Group posted the amount of €2.4 mil. in the account of other intangible assets, as the present value of the site restoration cost (note 26).

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